An Epidemiological Appraisal of Smoking Related Outcomes

Abstract

Today, the uncertainty around smoking in different conditions is narrowed and the evidence has been confirmed over and over again. To evaluate the information collectively, meta-analyses have been conducted in which the relative risk estimates from the individual studies are pooled. The aim of this chapter is to give the quantitative risk provided by pooled estimates on different end-points published during the last 15 years on both active and passive tobacco smoke. We have also included recent evidence gained by molecular epidemiological studies using biomolecular markers of aging (telomere length) in association with smoking.