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Title: | Glutathione and mitochondria determine acute defense responses and adaptive processes in cadmium-induced oxidative stress and toxicity of the kidney | Authors: | RAVINDRAN NAIR, Ambily Lee, Wing-Kee SMEETS, Karen SWENNEN, Quirine Sanchez, Amparo Thévenod, Frank CUYPERS, Ann |
Issue Date: | 2015 | Source: | ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY, 89 (12), p. 2273-2289 | Abstract: | Cadmium (Cd2+) induces oxidative stress that ultimately defines cell fate and pathology. Mitochondria are the main energy-producing organelles in mammalian cells, but they also have a central role in formation of reactive oxygen species, cell injury, and death signaling. As the kidney is the major target in Cd2+ toxicity, the roles of oxidative signature and mitochondrial function and biogenesis in Cd2+-related stress outcomes were investigated in vitro in cultured rat kidney proximal tubule cells (PTCs) (WKPT-0293 Cl.2) for acute Cd2+ toxicity (1–30 µM, 24 h) and in vivo in Fischer 344 rats for sub-chronic Cd2+ toxicity (1 mg/kg CdCl2 subcutaneously, 13 days). Whereas 30 µM Cd2+ caused ~50 % decrease in cell viability, apoptosis peaked at 10 µM Cd2+ in PTCs. A steep, dose-dependent decline in reduced glutathione (GSH) content occurred after acute exposure and an increase of the oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/GSH ratio. Quantitative PCR analyses evidenced increased antioxidative enzymes (Sod1, Gclc, Gclm), proapoptotic Bax, metallothioneins 1A/2A, and decreased antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL, Bcl-w). The positive regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis Pparγ and mitochondrial DNA was increased, and cellular ATP was unaffected with Cd2+ (1–10 µM). In vivo, active caspase-3, and hence apoptosis, was detected by FLIVO injection in the kidney cortex of Cd2+-treated rats together with an increase in Bax mRNA. However, antiapoptotic genes (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w) were also upregulated. Both GSSG and GSH increased with chronic Cd2+ exposure with no change in GSSG/GSH ratio and augmented expression of antioxidative enzymes (Gpx4, Prdx2). Mitochondrial DNA, mitofusin 2, and Pparα were increased indicating enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion. Hence, these results demonstrate a clear involvement of higher mitochondria copy numbers or mass and mitochondrial function in acute defense against oxidative stress induced by Cd2+ in renal PTCs as well as in adaptive processes associated with chronic renal Cd2+ toxicity. | Notes: | Cuypers, A (reprint author), Hasselt Univ, Ctr Environm Sci, Environm Biol, Diepenbeek, Belgium. ambilinair2006@gmail.com; karen.smeets@uhasselt.be; quirine.swennen@uhasselt.be; acastrosan@gmail.com; frank.thevenod@uni-wh.de; ann.cuypers@uhasselt.be | Keywords: | oxidative stress; metallothionein; antioxidative enzymes; mitochondrial DNA content; apoptosis | Document URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/1942/18143 | ISSN: | 0340-5761 | e-ISSN: | 1432-0738 | DOI: | 10.1007/s00204-014-1401-9 | ISI #: | 000366155200008 | Rights: | © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014. | Category: | A1 | Type: | Journal Contribution |
Appears in Collections: | Research publications |
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s00204-014-1401-9.pdf Restricted Access | Published version | 1.18 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open Request a copy |
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