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Title: | Renal cells exposed to cadmium in vitro and in vivo: normalizing gene expression data | Authors: | RAVINDRAN NAIR, Ambily SMEETS, Karen KEUNEN, Els Lee, Wing-Kee Thévenod, Frank VAN KERKHOVE, Emmy CUYPERS, Ann |
Issue Date: | 2015 | Source: | JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, 35 (5), p. 478-484 | Abstract: | Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal with a long half-life in biological systems. This half-life is partly as a result of metallothioneins (MTs), metal-binding proteins with a high affinity for Cd. The high retention properties of the kidneys reside in proximal tubular cells that possess transport mechanisms for Cd-MT uptake, ultimately leading to more Cd accumulation. Researchers have studied MT–metal interactions using various techniques including quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), an efficient tool for quantifying gene expression. Often a poor choice of reference genes, which is represented by their instability and condition dependency, leads to inefficient normalization of gene expression data and misinterpretations. This study demonstrates the importance of an efficient normalization strategy in toxicological research. A selection of stable reference genes was proposed in order to acquire reliable and reproducible gene quantification under metal stress using MT expression as an example. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo setups were compared to identify the influence of toxicological compounds in function of the experimental design. This study shows that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh), tyrosine monooxygenase/tryptophan5-monooxygenase activation-protein, zeta polypeptide (Ywhaz) and betaactin (Actb) are the most stable reference genes in a kidney proximal tubular cell line exposed to moderate and high Cd concentrations, applied as CdCl2. A slightly different sequence in reference gene stability was found in renal cells isolated from rats in vivo exposed to Cd. It was further shown that three reference genes are required for efficient normalization in this experimental setup. This study demonstrates the importance of an efficient normalization strategy in toxicological research. | Notes: | Smeets, K (reprint author), Hasselt Univ, Ctr Environm Sci, Agoralaan Bldg D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. karen.smeets@uhasselt.be | Keywords: | cadmium; metallothionein; qPCR; reference genes | Document URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/1942/18153 | ISSN: | 0260-437X | e-ISSN: | 1099-1263 | DOI: | 10.1002/jat.3047 | ISI #: | 000351684300004 | Rights: | Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Category: | A1 | Type: | Journal Contribution | Validations: | ecoom 2016 |
Appears in Collections: | Research publications |
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