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Title: | Metals, hormones and sexual maturation in Flemish adolescents in three cross-sectional studies (2002-2015) | Authors: | De Craemer, Sam Croes, Kim van Larebeke, Nicolas De Henauw, Stefaan Schoeters, Greet Govarts, Eva Loots, Ilse NAWROT, Tim Nelen, Vera Den Hond, Elly BRUCKERS, Liesbeth Gao, Yue Baeyens, Willy |
Issue Date: | 2017 | Publisher: | PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD | Source: | ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL, 102, p. 190-199 | Abstract: | Sex hormone levels and timing of sexual maturation are considered important markers for health status of adolescents in puberty, and previous research suggests they might be influenced by metal exposure. In three campaigns of the Flemish Environment and Health Study (FLEHS I 2002-2006; FLEHS II 2007-2011 and FLEHS III 2012-2015), data were collected on internal exposure to metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn, Tl, Ni, Sb, Hg, As and As species) and sexual maturation in 2671 14-15 years old adolescents. All metals were measured in blood and/or urine, except total- and methylmercury which were measured in hair samples. Sex hormone levels were measured in blood serum of adolescent males of the cohorts of FLEHS I and FLESH II. The use of a uniform methodology in successive campaigns allows to confirm associations between exposure and health in different cohorts and over time. Furthermore, mathematical and statistical density correction methods using creatinine or specific gravity were tested for urinary markers. Significant associations between sex hormones and maturity markers were observed in the FLEHS I and II campaigns, when both were assessed together. Regardless of the applied correction method, creatinine correction systematically introduced bias due to associations of creatinine with sex hormones and maturation markers, especially in adolescent males, while this is not the case for specific gravity. A series of exposure-response associations were found, but several involving Cd, Pb, As, Tl and Cu persisted in different FLEHS campaigns. The effects of Pb and Cu on luteinizing hormone, (free) testosterone, (free) oestradiol and maturation support a xenoestrogenic agonistic action on the feedback of oestradiol to the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Our results suggest that specific care should be taken when selecting urine density correction for investigating associations with hormonal and maturation markers in adolescent males. Furthermore, the possibility of xenoestrogenic effects of certain metals in environmentally exposed adolescents warrants further investigation. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Notes: | [De Craemer, Sam; Croes, Kim; van Larebeke, Nicolas; Gao, Yue; Baeyens, Willy] Vrije Univ Brussel, Dept Analyt Environm & Geochem AMGC, Pl Laan 2, B-1050 Elsene, Belgium. [van Larebeke, Nicolas] Univ Ghent, Dept Radiotherapy & Nucl Med, Study Ctr Carcinogenesis & Primary Prevent Canc, Ghent, Belgium. [De Henauw, Stefaan] Univ Ghent, Dept Publ Hlth, Ghent, Belgium. [Schoeters, Greet; Govarts, Eva] Flemish Inst Technol Res VITO, Environm Risk & Hlth, Mol, Belgium. [Loots, Ilse] Univ Antwerp, Fac Polit & Social Sci, Antwerp, Belgium. [Nawrot, Tim] Hasselt Univ, Ctr Environm Sci, Diepenbeek, Belgium. [Nawrot, Tim] Leuven Univ KU Leuven, Dept Publ Hlth & Primary Care, Occupat & Environm Med, Leuven, Belgium. [Nelen, Vera; Den Hond, Elly] Prov Inst Hyg, Antwerp, Belgium. [Bruckers, Liesbeth] Hasselt Univ, Interuniv Inst Biostat & Stat Bioinformat, Diepenbeek, Belgium. | Keywords: | FLEHS; xenoestrogen; exposure-response; creatinine; multiple regression; metals;FLEHS; Xenoestrogen; Exposure-response; Creatinine; Multiple regression; Metals | Document URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/1942/24188 | ISSN: | 0160-4120 | e-ISSN: | 1873-6750 | DOI: | 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.014 | ISI #: | 000400202400021 | Rights: | © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Category: | A1 | Type: | Journal Contribution | Validations: | ecoom 2018 |
Appears in Collections: | Research publications |
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