The present status of high-T-c superconducting terahertz emitters

Abstract

A terahertz (THz) wave emitter using the stack of intrinsic Josephson junctions present in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi2212) has been developed. By applying a dc voltage V across the stack, the ac-Josephson effect converts this to an ac-current that emits photons at the Josephson frequency proportional to V. The Bi2212 device also behaves as and electromagnetic (EM) cavity, so depending upon the shape of the Bi2212 crystal, when the Josephson frequency matches that of a cavity resonance, the emission power is enhanced. However, the EM radiation characteristics also strongly depend upon the effects of Joule self heating of the device. In order to alleviate this Joule heating problem, we fabricated three distinct stand-alone Bi2212 sandwich device shapes, each crystal being first covered with Au on its top and bottom, and then sandwiched between sapphire plates. From our comparative studies of the three devices, we obtained important clues that could help to increase the emission power up to similar to mW and the frequency range up to several THz, as necessary for many applications such as security screening, high speed communications, medical and biological sensing, and astronomical detection, etc.