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http://hdl.handle.net/1942/26476
Title: | Agglomeration Control during Ultrasonic Crystallization of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient | Authors: | GIELEN, Bjorn JORDENS, Jeroen THOMASSEN, Leen BRAEKEN, Leen Van Gerven, Tom |
Issue Date: | 2017 | Source: | CRYSTALS, 7(2) (Art N° 40) | Abstract: | Application of ultrasound during crystallization can efficiently inhibit agglomeration. However, the mechanism is unclear and sonication is usually enabled throughout the entire process, which increases the energy demand. Additionally, improper operation results in significant crystal damage. Therefore, the present work addresses these issues by identifying the stage in which sonication impacts agglomeration without eroding the crystals. This study was performed using a commercially available API that showed a high tendency to agglomerate during seeded crystallization. The crystallization progress was monitored using process analytical tools (PAT), including focus beam reflectance measurements (FBRM) to track to crystal size and number and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to quantify the supersaturation level. These tools provided insight in the mechanism by which ultrasound inhibits agglomeration. A combination of improved micromixing, fast crystal formation which accelerates depletion of the supersaturation and a higher collision frequency prevent crystal cementation to occur. The use of ultrasound as a post-treatment can break some of the agglomerates, but resulted in fractured crystals. Alternatively, sonication during the initial seeding stage could assist in generating nuclei and prevent agglomeration, provided that ultrasound was enabled until complete desupersaturation at the seeding temperature. FTIR and FBRM can be used to determine this end point. | Keywords: | ultrasound; crystallization; Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API); agglomeration; crystal shape; Process Analytical Technology (PAT) | Document URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/1942/26476 | e-ISSN: | 2073-4352 | DOI: | 10.3390/cryst7020040 | ISI #: | 000395486800010 | Rights: | © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | Category: | A1 | Type: | Journal Contribution |
Appears in Collections: | Research publications |
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File | Description | Size | Format | |
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crystals-07-00040-v2 (1).pdf | Published version | 30.15 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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