Diamond as a quantum sensor for space exploration

Abstract

Sensing devices used in (aero)space are constrained by energy consumption, mass, volume and environmental compatibility. Although quantum sensors offer potentially better sensitivity than classical sensors, they are bulky and often require cooling to cryogenic temperatures or operation in vacuum. Here we propose a technical realization of a quantum sensor for magnetic field detection based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, which is compatible with miniaturization and offers potential sub-picotesla sensitivity. The miniaturization is based on recently developed electric readout of the NV center electron spin resonance. Our engineering platform allows to use diamond chip as a portable magnetic field sensor. We have designed and tested a miniaturized prototype and describe all key components for technical miniaturization. We achieved a power consumption down to 3.5 W, a weight of the fully integrated sensor of only 27g and small dimensions of 45 x 25 x 25 mm including all driving and readout components. We have proved the chip functionality in vacuum and explored its thermal behavior. The system will be further used for on-board stratospheric balloon experiment. The miniaturized sensor we developed has potential applications in a wide range of fields including navigation, bio-signal measurement, material analysis or space weather monitoring and planetary observation.