Dynamics of skin microvascular blood flow in 4–6-year-old children in association with pre- and postnatal black carbon and particulate air pollution exposure

Abstract

Background: A growing body of evidence indicates that cardiovascular health in adulthood, particularly that of the microcirculation, could find its roots during prenatal development. In this study, we investigated the association between pre-and postnatal air pollution exposure on heat-induced skin hyperemia as a dynamic marker of the microvasculature. Methods: In 139 children between the ages of 4 and 6 who are followed longitudinally within the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort, we measured skin perfusion by Laser Doppler probes using the Periflux6000. Residential black carbon (BC), particulate (PM 10 and PM 2.5) air pollution, and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) levels were modelled for each participant's home address using a high-resolution spatiotemporal model for multiple time windows. We assessed the association between skin hyperemia and pre-and postnatal air pollution using multiple regression models while adjusting for relevant covariates. Results: Residential BC exposure during the whole pregnancy averaged (IQR) 1.42 (1.22-1.58) µg/m 3 , PM 10 18.88 (16.64-21.13) µg/m 3 , PM 2.5 13.67 (11.5-15.56) µg/m 3 and NO 2 18.39 (15.52-20.31) µg/m 3. An IQR increment in BC exposure during the third trimester of pregnancy was associated with an 11.5 % (95% CI: 20.1 to 1.9; p = 0.020) lower skin hyperemia. Similar effect estimates were retrieved for PM 10 , PM 2.5 and NO 2 (respectively 13.9 % [95% CI: 21.9 to 3.0; p = 0.003], 17.0 % [95% CI: 26.7 to 6.1; p = 0.004] and 12.7% [95 % CI:-22.2 to 1.9; p = 0.023] lower skin hyperemia). In multipollutant models, PM 2.5 showed the strongest inverse association with skin hyperemia. Postnatal exposure to BC, PM 10 , PM 2.5 or NO 2 , was not associated with skin hyperemia at the age of 4 to 6, and did not alter the previous reported prenatal associations when taken into account. Conclusion: Our findings support that BC, particulate air pollution, and NO 2 exposure, even at low concentrations, during prenatal life, can have long-lasting consequences for the microvasculature. This proposes a role of pre-natal air pollution exposures over and beyond postnatal exposure in the microvascular alterations which were persistent into childhood.