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Title: | Mid-gap trap state-mediated dark current in organic photodiodes | Authors: | Sandberg, Oskar J. Kaiser, Christina Zeiske, Stefan Zarrabi, Nasim GIELEN, Sam MAES, Wouter VANDEWAL, Koen Meredith, Paul Armin, Ardalan |
Issue Date: | 2023 | Publisher: | NATURE PORTFOLIO | Source: | Nature Photonics, 17 (4) , p. 368 -374 | Abstract: | Researchers demonstrate that the dark saturation current in organic photodiodes is fundamentally limited by mid-gap trap states. This leads to an upper limit for specific detectivity. Photodiodes are ubiquitous in industry and consumer electronics. Constantly emerging new applications for photodiodes demand different mechanical and optoelectronic properties from those provided by conventional inorganic-based semiconductor devices. This has stimulated considerable interest in the use of organic semiconductors, which provide a vast palette of available optoelectronic properties, can be incorporated into flexible form factor geometries, and promise low-cost, low-embodied energy manufacturing from earth-abundant materials. The sensitivity of a photodiode depends critically on the dark current. Organic photodiodes (OPDs), however, are characterized by a much higher dark current than expected for thermally excited radiative transitions. Here we show that the dark saturation current in OPDs is fundamentally limited by mid-gap trap states. This new insight is generated by the universal trend observed for the dark saturation current of a large set of OPDs and further substantiated by sensitive external-quantum-efficiency- and temperature-dependent current measurements. Based on this insight, an upper limit for the specific detectivity is established. A detailed understanding of the origins of noise in any detector is fundamental to defining performance limitations and thus is critical to materials and device selection, and design and optimization for all applications. Our work establishes these important principles for OPDs. | Notes: | Sandberg, OJ; Armin, A (corresponding author), Swansea Univ, Dept Phys, Sustainable Adv Mat Ser SAM, Swansea, Wales. o.j.sandberg@swansea.ac.uk; ardalan.armin@swansea.ac.uk |
Document URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/1942/39987 | ISSN: | 1749-4885 | e-ISSN: | 1749-4893 | DOI: | 10.1038/s41566-023-01173-5 | ISI #: | 000955527900002 | Rights: | Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. | Category: | A1 | Type: | Journal Contribution |
Appears in Collections: | Research publications |
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Mid-gap trap state-mediated dark current in organic photodiodes.pdf | Published version | 1.75 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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