Exercise-induced myocardial T1 increase and right ventricular dysfunction in recreational cyclists: a CMR study

Abstract

Purpose Although cardiac troponin I (cTnI) increase following strenuous exercise has been observed, the development of exercise-induced myocardial edema remains unclear. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) native T1/T2 mapping is sensitive to the pathological increase of myocardial water content. Therefore, we evaluated exercise-induced acute myocardial changes in recreational cyclists by incorporating biomarkers, echocardiography and CMR. Methods Nineteen male recreational participants (age: 48 +/- 5 years) cycled the 'L'etape du tour de France" (EDT) 2021' (175 km, 3600 altimeters). One week before the race, a maximal graded cycling test was conducted to determine individual heart rate (HR) training zones. One day before and 3-6 h post-exercise 3 T CMR and echocardiography were performed to assess myocardial native T1/T2 relaxation times and cardiac function, and blood samples were collected. All participants were asked to cycle 2 h around their anaerobic gas exchange threshold (HR zone 4). Results Eighteen participants completed the EDT stage in 537 +/- 58 min, including 154 +/- 61 min of cycling time in HR zone 4. Post-race right ventricular (RV) dysfunction with reduced strain and increased volumes (p < 0.05) and borderline significant left ventricular global longitudinal strain reduction (p = 0.05) were observed. Post-exercise cTnI (0.75 +/- 5.1 ng/l to 69.9 +/- 41.6 ng/l; p < 0.001) and T1 relaxation times (1133 +/- 48 ms to 1182 +/- 46 ms, p < 0.001) increased significantly with no significant change in T2 (p = 0.474). cTnI release correlated with increase in T1 relaxation time (p = 0.002; r = 0.703), post-race RV dysfunction (p < 0.05; r = 0.562) and longer cycling in HR zone 4 (p < 0.05; r = 0.607). Conclusion Strenuous exercise causes early post-race cTnI increase, increased T1 relaxation time and RV dysfunction in recreational cyclists, which showed interdependent correlation. The long-term clinical significance of these changes needs further investigation.