Patterns, facilitators, and barriers of physical activity and the association of physical activity with psychological outcomes and musculoskeletal disorders among occupational drivers in Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Occupational drivers are at higher risk of psychological distress and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to their sedentary jobs. However, limited evidence shows how barriers and facilitators affect drivers' physical activity (PA) and how these factors are associated with psychological outcomes and MSDs. This study assessed PA profiles, sitting time, PA-related barriers and facilitators, psychological outcomes, and MSDs among Pakistani drivers and examined associations between these factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study recruited 300 occupational drivers in Pakistan. Data were collected through Qualtrics using validated questionnaires, including the short-form International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Barriers to Being Physically Active Quiz, Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and specific disability questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and multivariable regression were performed. Results: Findings showed that 5 % had low, 63 % had moderate, and 32 % had high PA levels. Participants engaged in 7.5 +/- 5.8 h of light PA, 3.3 +/- 4.3 h of moderate-to-vigorous PA, and 103.0 +/- 50.8 h of sitting per week. PA barriers (lack of energy, time, and resources) were negatively correlated with PA (r = -0.16 to -0.21, p < 0.01), while physical and psychological conditions were reported as facilitators. Moderate to extremely severe depression (53 %), anxiety (58 %), and stress (41 %) were prevalent, but regression showed no associations with PA. MSD prevalence was 65 %, with low back pain (41 %) being the most common. PA showed a protective effect on overall MSDs and low back pain. Conclusions: Despite moderate to high PA levels, drivers remained sedentary and faced various barriers to PA participation. Workplace interventions addressing PA barriers, mental health, and MSD are needed.