Perovskite Top Cell by Scalable Deposition Methods for Perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 4-Terminal Tandem Applications

Abstract

This thesis explores approaches to enhancing the performance, stability and scalability of perovskite optoelectronic devices for perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 4-terminal (4T) tandem solar cell applications. First, a soft-sputtered indium zinc oxide (IZO) transparent electrode was developed on semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and mini-modules, aiming to achieve high near-infrared (NIR) transparency for the bottom cell while maintaining optimal conductivity. The effects of oxygen flow rate during sputtering on the electrical and optical properties of IZO films were examined and compared to the benchmark indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Building on the development of IZO rear transparent electrodes, the research then focused on enhancing NiOx/perovskite interface properties through a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) modification approach. Two types of carbazole-based phosphonic acid SAMs, namely [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid) (2PACz) and [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), were utilized and deposited via blade coating as a scalable deposition method.