Strengthening commercial motorcyclist safety in Tanzania: Application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model for an evidence-based road safety awareness campaign

Abstract

Road safety among commercial motorcyclists in Tanzania is a significant concern, with high rates of traffic accidents posing risks to both riders and passengers. This study aimed to identify factors contributing to unsafe behaviours and prioritise road safety challenges for targeted awareness campaigns. Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, data were collected through surveys of 248 motorcyclists and group discussions with 16 stakeholders. The findings reveal several risk factors, including rider age, income, job satisfaction, and riding experience. Behavioural influences were categorized into predisposing factors, such as limited riding knowledge and negative perceptions of helmet and reflector use; enabling factors, including restricted access to training, lack of safety infrastructure, and inadequate policy enforcement; and reinforcing factors, such as cultural norms shaping safety practices. The study highlights that younger riders are particularly vulnerable to accidents, and many riders do not use helmets due to discomfort and affordability issues. In conclusion, the study recommends targeted safety campaigns to promote helmet use and reflective clothing, improved access to training programs, and stronger policy enforcement. These interventions are essential for reducing accidents and improving the safety and livelihoods of commercial motorcyclists.