Road Safety education for children and adolescents: A systematic review of effectiveness, methods, and challenges

Abstract

Road traffic injuries are a leading cause of death and disability among children and adolescents, posing significant public health and economic challenges globally. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness, methods and challenges of road safety education (RSE) programs as a key preventive measure in improving knowledge, behaviours, and safety outcomes for this vulnerable group. This systematic review, conducted according to the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' (PRISMA) guidelines, synthesizes findings from 46 studies published between 2004 and 2024 to evaluate RSE programs. To ensure comprehensive coverage, the study searched three major databases-Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. The findings highlight diverse approaches used in RSE, including classroom-based learning, gamified platforms, virtual reality simulations, and community-based initiatives. Technology-driven methods were particularly effective in enhancing engagement, hazard perception, and decision-making. However, challenges in implementation, particularly the inconsistent adaptation of programs to local socioeconomic and cultural contexts, were identified, along with resource constraints and environmental barriers. Among the 46 studies reviewed, 83% reported significant improvements in participants' road safety knowledge, 71% demonstrated positive attitudinal changes toward safe practices, and 68% showed measurable behavioral improvements, such as safer pedestrian or cycling behaviors. Collectively, these results highlight the substantial impact of RSE interventions, particularly when they employ interactive or technology-enhanced approaches. These findings inform the design of comprehensive, effective, and evidence-based RSE programs and provide practical recommendations for policymakers, educators, and researchers, contributing to global efforts to reduce road traffic injuries among young populations.