Understanding cycling uptake on university campuses in developing countries

Abstract

Introduction: University campuses in developing countries face growing mobility pressures, yet cycling remains underused despite its affordability and sustainability benefits. This study investigates the social, infrastructural, and demographic factors influencing cycling adoption within a major university campus in Peshawar, Pakistan. Methodology: A questionnaire captured sociodemographic characteristics, perceptions of stigma, safety, social norms, infrastructure, and bike-sharing accessibility. A total of 441 valid responses from students, faculty, and staff were analyzed. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified four key dimensions shaping cycling perceptions: Status Stigma and Safety Concerns, Social Norms and Influences, Supportive Cycling Infrastructure, and Bike-Sharing Services. Structural Equation Modeling was applied to assess both direct and mediated effects of demographic variables on the intention to cycle. Results: Results show that actual bicycle use on campus is very low, while car and public transport dominate commuting choices. Students demonstrated a higher willingness to adopt cycling than faculty, while staff showed the highest overall acceptance. Gender, income, and travel distances significantly influenced the four perceptual factors, which in turn strongly predicted cycling intentions. Supportive infrastructure and bike-sharing services showed significant positive effects, while women reported substantially lower willingness. Status stigma remained prevalent but did not affect willingness to cycle. Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for integrated interventions that combine cycling infrastructure, traffic calming measures, secure parking, end-of-trip facilities, and strategically located bike-sharing stations. Addressing gender-specific barriers and shifting social norms are also essential. The study provides context-specific evidence for promoting cycling as a viable, equitable, and sustainable travel mode on university campuses in developing-country settings.