Collaborative Latin American Imaging Network In Neuroimmunology Research (BRAIMS): Rationale, Structure, Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a central role in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and monitoring of neuroimmunological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). However, in Latin America (LATAM), variability in healthcare systems, imaging infrastructure, technical protocols, and sub-specialized expertise limits the implementation of standardized MRI-based approaches and contributes to heterogeneity in diagnostic pathways and clinical decision-making. In this context, the Collaborative Latin American Imaging Network in Neuroimmunology Research (BRAIMS) was established as a regional initiative to strengthen MRI research and clinical practice in neuroimmunological diseases. BRAIMS emerged from a collaborative effort among neuroimmunologists, neuroradiologists, and researchers across multiple LATAM countries, with the aim of promoting methodological alignment, facilitating multicenter research, and generating region-specific real-world evidence. The network is structured to integrate core and collaborating centers under a coordinated governance model, enabling the development of shared research agendas and collaborative projects. Initial priorities include mapping MRI availability and practices across the region, standardizing acquisition protocols and reporting frameworks, identifying imaging-related sources of diagnostic variability, and developing consensus-based recommendations adapted to resource-variable settings. Despite sustained growth in neuroimmunology expertise in LATAM, important challenges persist, including unequal access to MRI technology, limited availability of advanced imaging techniques, variability in interpretation, and diagnostic complexity in populations with diverse clinical and epidemiological characteristics. By fostering regional collaboration and strengthening integration with international initiatives, BRAIMS aims to generate context-specific evidence, improve diagnostic accuracy, and enhance research capacity. This initiative represents a shift toward the production of regionally driven data, with the potential to contribute meaningfully to global neuroimmunology research and reduce disparities in access to high-quality neuroimaging.