Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1942/49541
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dc.contributor.authorStewart, Justin D.-
dc.contributor.authorBisot, Corentin-
dc.contributor.authorCargill, Rachael I. M.-
dc.contributor.authorVan Nuland, Michael E.-
dc.contributor.authorHawkins, Heidi-Jayne-
dc.contributor.authorOyarte Galvez, Loreto-
dc.contributor.authorKlein, Malin-
dc.contributor.authorvan Son, Marije-
dc.contributor.authorTerry, Victoria-
dc.contributor.authorPare, Louis-
dc.contributor.authorBanchini, Claudia-
dc.contributor.authorStefani, Franck-
dc.contributor.authorKahane, Felix-
dc.contributor.authorLin, Kai-Kai-
dc.contributor.authorBraghiere, Renato K.-
dc.contributor.authorField, Katie J.-
dc.contributor.authorSOUDZILOVSKAIA, Nadia-
dc.contributor.authorElhance, Jinsu-
dc.contributor.authorKokkoris, Vasilis-
dc.contributor.authorSheldrake, Merlin-
dc.contributor.authorWeedon, James T.-
dc.contributor.authorShimizu, Thomas S.-
dc.contributor.authorWest, Stuart-
dc.contributor.authorKiers, E. Toby-
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-06T10:47:12Z-
dc.date.available2026-07-06T10:47:12Z-
dc.date.issued2026-
dc.date.submitted2026-07-06T10:43:09Z-
dc.identifier.citationScience, 392 (6803) , p. 1171 -1176-
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1942/49541-
dc.description.abstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form symbioses with similar to 70% of plant species, building hyphal networks that exchange nutrients for host-derived carbon. These tubular networks move similar to 1 billion metric tons of carbon per year into Earth's soils. However, we have no quantitative understanding of the hyphal infrastructure required to carry out this resource transfer. We assembled data from 322 studies representing more than 16,000 soil cores across nine biomes and developed machine-learning models to predict hyphal densities globally. With robotic imaging of more than 300,000 hyphae, we calibrated a biomass model from our spatial predictions. We estimate that global topsoils contain 1.10 x 10(17) +/- 0.13 x 10(17) SD kilometers of living hyphae, weighing similar to 300 +/- 60 SD megatons, similar to 4- to 6-fold the biomass of humans. Our uncertainty analyses identified undersampled ecosystems that require additional empirical attention.-
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was funded with grants from the Jeremy and Hannelore Grantham Environmental Trust; the Paul Allen Family Foundation; the Bezos Earth Fund; the Schmidt Family Foundation; the Hefner Foundation (J.D.S., M.E.V.N., E.T.K.); Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) Gravity Grant MICROP (024.004.014 to J.D.S., M.K., V.K., J.T.W., and E.T.K.); NWO-VICI (202.012 to E.T.K.); the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP) (RGP 0029 to C.Bi., L.O.G., M.V.S., T.S.S., and E.T.K.); NWO-Spinoza (SP.2023.2 to E.T.K.); an Ammodo grant (to E.T.K.); European Research Council (ERC) NUCLEAR MIX (Project–101076062 to R.I.M.C. and V.K.); Conservation International’s Friedman Fellowship (WFF–1000896 to H.-J.H.); European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator grant MYCOREV 865225 to K.J.F.); the Natural Environment Research Council (E/X00273/1 to K.J.F.); a Royal Society Faraday Discovery Fellowship, provided by the Department for Science, Innovation, and Technology (DSIT) (to K.J.F.); and a Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF) Methusalem grant (BOF22M01 ) and Research Foundation Flanders (Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek) grant I001125N-AnaEE-Flanders (to N.A.S.). Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and was supported in part by the Resnick Sustainability Institute at Caltech (80NM0018D0004 and Resnick Sustainability Institute support to R.K.B.). This research was also supported by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) under projects J-002272 (Fungal and Bacterial Biosystematics) and J-002295 Managing AAFC’s biological collections (to F.S. and C.Ba.). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank W. Padberg, E. Rufo Jimenez, R. Phillips, and the VU Mycorrhizae Lab for helpful conversations on this project. We thank J. van den Hoogen for advice on setting up Google Earth Engine and I. Sanders for fungal strains. We also thank B. Manley for an early conversation on this work and A. Brown for help with figure design. We thank J. Hoeksema and three anonymous reviewers for their comments, which greatly improved the quality of this manuscript. We used the large language model ChatGPT (version 5.1) for code editing-
dc.language.isoen-
dc.publisherAMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE-
dc.rights2026 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works-
dc.subject.otherSymbiosis-
dc.subject.otherMachine Learning-
dc.subject.otherEcosystem-
dc.subject.otherMycorrhizae-
dc.subject.otherBiomass-
dc.subject.otherHyphae-
dc.subject.otherSoil Microbiology-
dc.titleGlobal density and biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal networks-
dc.typeJournal Contribution-
dc.identifier.epage1176-
dc.identifier.issue6803-
dc.identifier.spage1171-
dc.identifier.volume392-
local.format.pages6-
local.bibliographicCitation.jcatA1-
dc.description.notesStewart, JD (corresponding author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam Inst Life & Environm A LIFE, Sect Ecol & Evolut, Amsterdam, Netherlands.; Stewart, JD (corresponding author), Soc Protect Underground Networks SPUN, Wilmington, DE 19901 USA.; Stewart, JD (corresponding author), Waag Futurelab Stichting Waag Soc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.-
dc.description.notesjustin@spun.earth-
local.publisher.place1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA-
local.type.refereedRefereed-
local.type.specifiedArticle-
dc.identifier.doi10.1126/science.adu4373-
dc.identifier.pmid42275513-
dc.identifier.isi001790604700010-
dc.contributor.orcidStefani, Franck/0000-0002-6025-2192; Kahane, Félix,-
dc.contributor.orcidLucien/0009-0003-6974-3726-
local.provider.typewosris-
local.description.affiliation[Stewart, Justin D.; Klein, Malin; van Son, Marije; Sheldrake, Merlin; Kiers, E. Toby] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam Inst Life & Environm A LIFE, Sect Ecol & Evolut, Amsterdam, Netherlands.-
local.description.affiliation[Stewart, Justin D.; Van Nuland, Michael E.; Elhance, Jinsu; Sheldrake, Merlin; Kiers, E. Toby] Soc Protect Underground Networks SPUN, Wilmington, DE 19901 USA.-
local.description.affiliation[Stewart, Justin D.] Waag Futurelab Stichting Waag Soc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.-
local.description.affiliation[Bisot, Corentin; Oyarte Galvez, Loreto; van Son, Marije; Kahane, Felix; Lin, Kai-Kai; Shimizu, Thomas S.] AMOLF Inst, Infomatters Dept, Amsterdam, Netherlands.-
local.description.affiliation[Cargill, Rachael I. M.; Oyarte Galvez, Loreto; Terry, Victoria; Kokkoris, Vasilis; Weedon, James T.] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam Inst Life & Environm A LIFE, Sect Syst Ecol, Amsterdam, Netherlands.-
local.description.affiliation[Hawkins, Heidi-Jayne] Univ Cape Town, Dept Biol Sci, Cape Town, South Africa.-
local.description.affiliation[Hawkins, Heidi-Jayne] Conservat South Africa, Belmont Rd, Cape Town, South Africa.-
local.description.affiliation[Klein, Malin] Univ Amsterdam, Swammerdam Inst Life Sci, Green Life Sci Cluster, Plant Hormone Biol Grp, Amsterdam, Netherlands.-
local.description.affiliation[Pare, Louis] Univ Laval, Ctr Etud Foret CEF, Quebec City, PQ, Canada.-
local.description.affiliationUniv Laval, Inst Biol Integrat & Syst IBIS, Quebec City, PQ, Canada.-
local.description.affiliation[Banchini, Claudia; Stefani, Franck] Ottawa Res & Dev Ctr, Agr & Agrifood Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.-
local.description.affiliation[Braghiere, Renato K.] CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA USA.-
local.description.affiliation[Braghiere, Renato K.] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA.-
local.description.affiliation[Field, Katie J.] Univ Sheffield, Sch Biosci, Plants Photosynth & Soil, Sheffield, England.-
local.description.affiliation[Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A.] Hasselt Univ, Ctr Environm Sci, Hasselt, Belgium.-
local.description.affiliation[West, Stuart] Univ Oxford, Dept Biol, Oxford, England.-
local.uhasselt.internationalyes-
item.fullcitationStewart, Justin D.; Bisot, Corentin; Cargill, Rachael I. M.; Van Nuland, Michael E.; Hawkins, Heidi-Jayne; Oyarte Galvez, Loreto; Klein, Malin; van Son, Marije; Terry, Victoria; Pare, Louis; Banchini, Claudia; Stefani, Franck; Kahane, Felix; Lin, Kai-Kai; Braghiere, Renato K.; Field, Katie J.; SOUDZILOVSKAIA, Nadia; Elhance, Jinsu; Kokkoris, Vasilis; Sheldrake, Merlin; Weedon, James T.; Shimizu, Thomas S.; West, Stuart & Kiers, E. Toby (2026) Global density and biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal networks. In: Science, 392 (6803) , p. 1171 -1176.-
item.contributorStewart, Justin D.-
item.contributorBisot, Corentin-
item.contributorCargill, Rachael I. M.-
item.contributorVan Nuland, Michael E.-
item.contributorHawkins, Heidi-Jayne-
item.contributorOyarte Galvez, Loreto-
item.contributorKlein, Malin-
item.contributorvan Son, Marije-
item.contributorTerry, Victoria-
item.contributorPare, Louis-
item.contributorBanchini, Claudia-
item.contributorStefani, Franck-
item.contributorKahane, Felix-
item.contributorLin, Kai-Kai-
item.contributorBraghiere, Renato K.-
item.contributorField, Katie J.-
item.contributorSOUDZILOVSKAIA, Nadia-
item.contributorElhance, Jinsu-
item.contributorKokkoris, Vasilis-
item.contributorSheldrake, Merlin-
item.contributorWeedon, James T.-
item.contributorShimizu, Thomas S.-
item.contributorWest, Stuart-
item.contributorKiers, E. Toby-
item.accessRightsRestricted Access-
item.fulltextWith Fulltext-
crisitem.journal.issn0036-8075-
crisitem.journal.eissn1095-9203-
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