The return of an old acquaintance: stakeholder perspectives on the coexistence of humans and wolves in the Netherlands

Abstract

After more than a century of absence, the return of wolves (Canis lupus) to the Netherlands has sparked controversy due to the diverse stakeholder perspectives on human-wolves coexistence. These perspectives are complex, based on multiple variables and vary both within and between stakeholder categories. This study uses Q-methodology to explore these perspectives among different stakeholder categories in the Netherlands: animal keepers, conservationists, site managers, scientists and government officials. Q methodology identifies shared viewpoints by grouping individuals based on how they rank statements about various aspects of coexisting with wolves. We identified four distinct perspectives: 1: Wolves have intrinsic value, prevention is the solution; 2: Wolves contribute nothing, management through culling is needed; 3: Wolves cause damage and stress, prevention doesn't work; 4: People and their emotions about wolves are central. Across these perspectives, stakeholders differ in their views on human-nature relationships, wolf-management and the acceptability of a range of societal impacts. However, there are also multiple points of consensus, including a realistic stance about the presence of wolves and its implications, and the shared sense that societal polarization over this topic is counterproductive. These elements of consensus provide a basis for constructive dialogue regarding human-wolves co-existence. Since no perspective rejects compromise, these commonalities can support the development of human-wolf coexistence strategies. At the same time, differences in priorities highlight issues on which dialogue is urgent, helping shape mutually acceptable and context-sensitive wolf policies.