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Title: | Morphological Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle Growth in Ambulant Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study | Authors: | De Beukelaer, Nathalie Vandekerckhove, Ines Huyghe, Ester MOLENBERGHS, Geert Peeters , Nicky Hanssen, Britta Ortibus, Els Van Campenhout, Anja Desloovere, Kaat |
Issue Date: | 2023 | Publisher: | MDPI | Source: | Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12 (4) , p. 1564 (Art N° 1564) | Abstract: | Only cross-sectional studies have demonstrated muscle deficits in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). The impact of gross motor functional limitations on altered muscle growth remains unclear. This prospective longitudinal study modelled morphological muscle growth in 87 children with SCP (age range 6 months to 11 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level I/II/III = 47/22/18). Ultrasound assessments were performed during 2-year follow-up and repeated for a minimal interval of 6 months. Three-dimensional freehand ultrasound was applied to assess medial gastrocnemius muscle volume (MV), mid-belly cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle belly length (ML). Non-linear mixed models compared trajectories of (normalized) muscle growth between GMFCS-I and GMFCS-II&III. MV and CSA growth trajectories showed a piecewise model with two breakpoints, with the highest growth before 2 years and negative growth rates after 6-9 years. Before 2 years, children with GMFCS-II&III already showed lower growth rates compared to GMFCS-I. From 2 to 9 years, the growth rates did not differ between GMFCS levels. After 9 years, a more pronounced reduction in normalized CSA was observed in GMFCS-II&III. Different trajectories in ML growth were shown between the GMFCS level subgroups. These longitudinal trajectories highlight monitoring of SCP muscle pathology from early ages and related to motor mobility. Treatment planning and goals should stimulate muscle growth. | Notes: | De Beukelaer, N (corresponding author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Dept Rehabil Sci, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. nathalie.debeukelaer@kuleuven.be |
Keywords: | cerebral palsy; ultrasound; piecewise model; muscle volume;;cross-sectional area; GMFCS | Document URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/1942/39831 | ISSN: | 2077-0383 | e-ISSN: | 2077-0383 | DOI: | 10.3390/jcm12041564 | ISI #: | 000938713400001 | Rights: | 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). | Category: | A1 | Type: | Journal Contribution |
Appears in Collections: | Research publications |
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Morphological Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle Growth in Ambulant Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy_ A Prospective Longitudinal Study.pdf | Published version | 1.51 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open |
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