A qualitative exploration of risky riding behaviors and road safety challenges among motorcycle taxi riders in Dar es Salaam

Abstract

Motorcycle taxis are a critical mode of transport in many low- and middle-income countries, offering affordable and flexible mobility. However, they are disproportionately involved in road traffic crashes, often linked to risky riding behaviors. In Dar es Salaam (DSM), such behaviors persist despite regulatory measures, underscoring the necessity to understand their underlying causes. This qualitative study investigates the factors contributing to risky riding behaviors among motorcycle taxi riders (MTRs) in DSM. Data were gathered through focus group discussions (FGDs) with riders and key informant interviews with enforcement and regulatory officials. Thematic analysis was employed to identify patterns in rider behaviors, risk perceptions, and enforcement challenges. Riders reported frequently engaging in speeding, running red lights, overloading, and inadequate use of protective gear. Many perceived these actions as low-risk, driven by overconfidence, habitual risk-taking, and perceived absence of consequences. Economic pressures, peer influence, and customer expectations further motivated unsafe behaviors. Weak enforcement, limited road safety education, and inadequate infrastructure were also reported as contributing factors. Institutional challenges, including fragmented oversight, inconsistent penalties, and resource limitations, were found to hinder effective regulation and rider compliance. The findings highlight the need for a coordinated strategy to improve motorcycle taxi safety. Key recommendations include structured rider training, consistent law enforcement, financial incentives, and targeted infrastructure upgrades. Strengthened collaboration among riders, authorities, and stakeholders is essential to raise risk awareness and build a culture of safety. These efforts can reduce crashes and support safer, more sustainable urban transport systems in rapidly growing cities like DSM.