Determinants of risky riding behaviors among motorcycle taxi riders in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Abstract

Background Motorcycle taxi riders (MTRs) are vital for urban mobility in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet they experience a disproportionately high rate of involvement in road traffic crashes. This is primarily linked to risky riding behaviors whose underlying drivers remain insufficiently understood. Objective This study examines the prevalence of risky riding behaviors among MTRs in Dar es Salaam (DSM), Tanzania, and identifies the key motivations driving these behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 853 MTRs in urban and peri-urban areas of DSM. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression to explore associations between reported behaviors and motivational factors. Results Key predictors of risky behaviors included financial pressure, passenger and peer influence, and deficits in risk perception. Riders under financial strain were more likely to overload passengers, ignore traffic signals, and speed. Influences from peers and passengers also led to behaviors such as lane splitting, riding on restricted roads, and using phones while riding. Despite weak enforcement, some riders demonstrate a degree of self-regulation. However, training programs and public awareness campaigns did not consistently lower risk levels. Conclusion Risky behaviors among MTRs in DSM are often rational responses to local economic and systemic constraints rather than just recklessness. Effective interventions must move beyond punitive measures to encompass training reform, infrastructure improvements, inclusive enforcement, and financial support. To enhance safety, it is essential to engage riders as partners in road safety rather than merely subjects of regulation.