Sonmat, a citizen-science enabled Kimjang kimchi case study on associations between hand and kimchi microbiota

Abstract

Kimjang kimchi is traditionally made in Korea in autumn to preserve vegetables during colder winter times after the harvest. Kimjang is an important societal tradition in which families and communities come together to process vegetables, such as cabbage, into kimchi. The origin of the microorganisms that contribute to the flavor and safety during fermentation is still unclear. Although bacteria present on the raw ingredients are considered to be important colonizers of the fermentation, in Korean culture, the term "Sonmat" is often used, which literally translates into "hand flavor," suggesting a role for hand microbiota in the kimchi fermentation. In this citizen-science project, we investigate the impact of the hand microbiome on kimchi fermentation during the Sonmat festival organized in Belgium. The kimchi fermentations contained mainly lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genera Leuconostoc, Weissella, and Latilactobacillus. The hand microbiota was characterized by the presence of Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, and Enhydrobacter. Associations were found between the relative abundance of Staphylococcus on the hand and the relative abundance of Latilactobacillus and Leuconostoc found in kimchi, despite limited overlap between the hand and the kimchi microbiome. In addition, different microbiota were found to dominate the kimchi made following the traditional group Kimjang practices compared with individually prepared kimchi. These findings pave the way for future research into how traditional practices and the skin microbiome influence the unique qualities of kimchi, offering exciting possibilities for enhancing fermentation processes and cultural food heritage through citizen science.IMPORTANCEVegetable fermentation has been a staple of human culture for centuries, with deeply rooted traditions behind it. However, the effects of these traditional practices on the microbes in the final fermented product, and their origin, are often not understood. By using participatory citizen-science approaches, it is possible to study these important foods while preserving the authenticity and integrity of the traditional fermentation practices that define them. The results obtained from our citizen-science case study support the importance of exploring traditional fermentation practices and their effect on microbial and sensory properties of fermented foods. Additionally, our case study found associations between microbiota present on the hand and microbiota important in the early successional stage of kimchi fermentation.