An Expressive Language for Linear Spatial Database Queries

Abstract

We exhibit a coordinate-based language, called PFOL, which is sound for the linear queries computable in first-order logic over the reals and extends the latter's restriction to linear arithmetic. To evaluate its expressive power, we first consider PFOL-fin, the PFOL queries that compute finite outputs upon finite inputs. In order to study this fragment of PFOL, we also define a syntactical language, called SPFOL, which is safe with respect to queries from finite inputs to finite outputs. We show that SPFOL has the same expressive power as SafeEuQl [15], whence all ruler-and-compass constructions in the plane on finite sets of points can be expressed in SPFOL. This result gives a geometrical justification of SPFOL, and highlights the richness of PFOL-fin. Then, we define finite representations for arbitrary semi-linear sets and show that there are PFOL programs for both the encoding and the decoding. This result is used (i) to identify a broad, natural class of linear queries expressible in PFOL, highlighting the richness of general PFOL, and (ii) to establish a general theorem about lifting query languages on finite databases to query languages on arbitrary linear databases. This theorem is applied to a recent result of Benedikt and Libkin [5] from finite to arbitrary semi-linear sets, yielding the existence of a natural, syntactically definable fragment of FO+poly sound and complete for all FO+poly-expressible linear queries.